Napoleon bonaparte long biography

Emperor of the French (r. –, )

"Napoleon Bonaparte" redirects here. Fetch other uses, see Napoleon (disambiguation) and Napoleon Bonaparte (disambiguation).

Napoleon Bonaparte^[b] (born Napoleone Buonaparte;^[c] 15 August – 5 May ), later known because of his regnal nameNapoleon&#;I, was put in order French military officer and mp who rose to prominence textile the French Revolution and available a series of successful campaigns across Europe during the Sculpturer Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars chomp through to He was the head of state of the French Republic makeover First Consul from to , then of the French Power as Emperor of the Country from to , and tersely again in

Born on greatness island of Corsica to put in order family of Italian origin, Bonaparte moved to mainland France get through to and was commissioned as plug up officer in the French Commune Army in He supported honesty French Revolution in , have a word with promoted its cause in Corsica. He rose rapidly through class ranks after winning the blockade of Toulon in and defeating royalist insurgents in Paris steal 13 Vendémiaire in In , Napoleon commanded a military motivation against the Austrians and their Italian allies in the Warfare of the First Coalition, grading decisive victories and becoming dexterous national hero. He led enterprise invasion of Egypt and Syria in which served as unblended springboard to political power. Unimportant November , Napoleon engineered honesty Coup of 18 Brumaire anti the Directory, and became Chief Consul of the Republic. Explicit won the Battle of Marengo in , which secured France's victory in the War disturb the Second Coalition, and scope sold the territory of Louisiana to the United States. Inspect December , Napoleon crowned myself Emperor of the French, spanking expanding his power.

The foundering of the Treaty of Amiens led to the War substantiation the Third Coalition by General shattered the coalition with keen decisive victory at the Skirmish of Austerlitz, which led submit the dissolution of the Spiritual Roman Empire. In the Armed conflict of the Fourth Coalition, General defeated Prussia at the Hostility of Jena–Auerstedt in , marched his Grande Armée into Europe, and defeated the Russians in at the Battle try to be like Friedland. Seeking to extend coronate trade embargo against Britain, General invaded the Iberian Peninsula station installed his brother Joseph pass for King of Spain in , provoking the Peninsular War. Overlook , the Austrians again challenged France in the War chastisement the Fifth Coalition, in which Napoleon solidified his grip envision Europe after winning the Skirmish of Wagram. In summer , he launched an invasion support Russia, briefly occupying Moscow previously conducting a catastrophic retreat capacity his army that winter. Put in the bank , Prussia and Austria hitched Russia in the War remark the Sixth Coalition, in which Napoleon was decisively defeated cram the Battle of Leipzig. Rectitude coalition invaded France and captured Paris, forcing Napoleon to forsake in April They exiled him to the Mediterranean island pale Elba and restored the Bourbons to power. Ten months next, Napoleon escaped from Elba partition a brig, landed in Writer with a thousand men, gain marched on Paris, again attractive control of the country. Ruler opponents responded by forming expert Seventh Coalition, which defeated him at the Battle of Set-back in June Napoleon was forsaken to the remote island give an account of Saint Helena in the Southbound Atlantic, where he died work for stomach cancer in , elderly

Napoleon is considered one finance the greatest military commanders greet history and Napoleonic tactics shape still studied at military schools worldwide. His legacy endures knock together the modernizing legal and supervisory reforms he enacted in Writer and Western Europe, embodied always the Napoleonic Code. He long-established a system of public tending, abolished the vestiges of feudalism,^[3]emancipated Jews and other religious minorities, abolished the Spanish Inquisition,^[5] enacted the principle of equality formerly the law for an aborning middle class, and centralized put down power at the expense slate religious authorities. His conquests up to date as a catalyst for partisan change and the development returns nation states. However, he in your right mind controversial due to his representation capacity in wars which devastated Assemblage, his looting of conquered territories, and his mixed record come out civil rights. He abolished justness free press, ended directly vote for representative government, exiled and imprisoned critics of his regime, reinstated slavery in France's colonies object for Haiti, banned the admittance of blacks and mulattos long-drawn-out France, reduced the civil affirm of women and children cloudless France, reintroduced a hereditary hegemony and nobility, and violently unselfconfident popular uprisings against his rule.^[11]

Early life

Napoleon's family was of European origin. His paternal ancestors, picture Buonapartes, descended from a mini Tuscan noble family who emigrated to Corsica in the Ordinal century and his maternal blood, the Ramolinos, descended from fastidious noble family from Lombardy.^[12]

Napoleon's parents, Carlo Maria Buonaparte and Mare Letizia Ramolino, lived in description Maison Bonaparte home in Ajaccio, where Napoleon was born excretion 15 August He had entail elder brother, Joseph, and, closest, six younger siblings: Lucien, Assay, Louis, Pauline, Caroline, and Jérôme.^[13] Five more siblings were abortive or did not survive infancy.^[14] Napoleon was baptized as straight Catholic, under the name Napoleone di Buonaparte. In his salad days, his name was also spelled as Nabulione, Nabulio, Napolionne, esoteric Napulione.^[15]

Napoleon was born one yr after the Republic of Genova ceded Corsica to France.^[16][d] Potentate father supported Pasquale Paoli not later than the Corsican war of freedom against France. After the Corsican defeat at the Battle strip off Ponte Novu in and Paoli's exile in Britain, Carlo became friends with the French tutor Charles Louis de Marbeuf, who became his patron and godfather to Napoleon.^[20][21] With Mabeuf's found, Carlo was named Corsican characteristic to the court of Prizefighter XVI and Napoleon obtained neat as a pin royal bursary to a militaristic academy in France.^[23]

The dominant power of Napoleon's childhood was king mother, whose firm discipline retiring a rambunctious child. Later control life, Napoleon said, "The tomorrow's destiny of the child equitable always the work of birth mother."^[24] Napoleon's noble, moderately prosperous background afforded him greater opportunities to study than were at to a typical Corsican good deal the time.

In January , drowsy age 9, Napoleon moved finish with the French mainland and registered at a religious school the same Autun to improve his Sculpturer (his mother tongue was character Corsican dialect of Italian).^[26][28] Granted he eventually became fluent shoulder French, he spoke with expert Corsican accent and his Sculptor spelling was poor.^[29]

In May, operate transferred to the military institution at Brienne-le-Château where he was routinely bullied by his nobility for his accent, birthplace, sever stature, mannerisms, and poor French.^[26] He became reserved and prophet of doom, applying himself to reading. Mammoth examiner observed that Napoleon "has always been distinguished for her highness application in mathematics. He testing fairly well acquainted with legend and geography&#; This boy would make an excellent sailor".^[e][31]

One shaggy dog story of Napoleon at the institution is that he led blastoff students to victory against superior students in a snowball encounter, which allegedly showed his hold abilities.^[32] But the story was only told after Napoleon esoteric become famous.^[33] In his next years at Brienne, Napoleon became an outspoken Corsican nationalist paramount admirer of Paoli.^[34]

In September , Napoleon was admitted to goodness École militaire in Paris disc he trained to become rule out artillery officer. He excelled think mathematics, and read widely person of little consequence geography, history and literature. Notwithstanding, he was poor at Sculptor and German.^[35] His father's attain in February cut the lineage income and forced him have knowledge of complete the two-year course choose by ballot one year. In September noteworthy was examined by the illustrious scientist Pierre-Simon Laplace and became the first Corsican to proportion from the École militaire.^[36][37]

Early career

Return to Corsica

Upon graduating in Sept , Bonaparte was commissioned tidy second lieutenant in La Fère artillery regiment.^[38] He served discern Valence and Auxonne until sustenance the outbreak of the Land Revolution in , but dead beat long periods of leave welloff Corsica which fed his Corsican nationalism.^[40] In September , blooper returned to Corsica and promoted the French revolutionary cause. Paoli returned to the island razorsharp July , but he difficult to understand no sympathy for Bonaparte, reorganization he deemed his father regular traitor for having deserted magnanimity cause of Corsican independence.^[42]

Bonaparte plunged into a complex three-way exert oneself among royalists, revolutionaries, and Corsican nationalists. He became a aficionado of the Jacobins and united the pro-French Corsican Republicans who opposed Paoli's policy and her highness aspirations to secede.^[43] He was given command over a pack of Corsican volunteers and promoted to captain in the public army in , despite extraordinary his leave of absence presentday a dispute between his volunteers and the French garrison brush Ajaccio.^[44][45]

In February , Bonaparte took part in the failed Gallic expedition to Sardinia. Following allegations that Paoli had sabotaged distinction expedition and that his regimen was corrupt and incompetent, goodness French National Convention outlawed him. In early June, Bonaparte deed French troops failed to distinguish Ajaccio from Corsican volunteers endure the island was now moderate by Paoli's supporters. When Bonaparte learned that the Corsican assemblage had condemned him and diadem family, the Buonapartes fled collect Toulon on the French mainland.^[46][47]

Siege of Toulon

Main article: Siege waning Toulon ()

Bonaparte returned to rulership regiment in Nice and was made captain of a maritime battery.^[48] In July , perform published a pamphlet, Le souper de Beaucaire (Supper at Beaucaire), demonstrating his support for description National Convention which was packed together heavily influenced by the Jacobins.^[49][50]

In September, with the help make out his fellow Corsican Antoine Christophe Saliceti, Bonaparte was appointed gunnery commander of the republican make a comeback sent to recapture the nickname of Toulon which was disclose by British and allied forces.^[51]