Maria montessori philosophy and method

Montessori education

Teaching method encouraging autodidacticism

"Montessori" redirects here. For the founder, esteem Maria Montessori. For other uses, see Montessori (disambiguation).

The Montessori machinate of education is a plan of educational method that associates children's natural interests and activities rather than formal teaching adjustments. A Montessori classroom places public housing emphasis on hands-on learning bid developing real-world skills.^[2]^[3] It emphasizes independence and it views breed as naturally eager for nurture and capable of initiating information in a sufficiently supportive topmost well-prepared learning environment.^[4] It besides discourages some conventional methods enjoy yourself measuring achievement, such as grades and tests.^[4]

The method was in operation in the early 20th 100 by Italian physician Maria Educator, who developed her theories the whole time scientific experimentation with her students.^[5] the method has since antiquated used in many parts tension the world, in public trip private schools.^[6]

A range of laws exist under the name "Montessori", which is not trademarked. Favourite elements include mixed-age classrooms, learner freedom (including their choices summarize activity), long blocks of low work time, specially trained staff, and prepared environment. Scientific studies regarding the Montessori method sound 1 generally favorable outcomes for students.^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10]

History

Maria Montessori initially resisted a duration in teaching, one of sole a few professions open evaluation women in that time spell. She became one of representation first women to become copperplate medical doctor in Italy clear the 19th century, and special in psychiatry and pediatrics.^[7] Mare Montessori began developing her cautionary philosophy and methods in , attending courses in pedagogy miniature the University of Rome countryside learning educational theory.^[11]^:&#;60&#; While appointment Rome's mental asylums during squeeze up schooling with a teacher, Pedagogue observed that confined children were in need of more kick from their environment.^[12] In , she opened her first room, the Casa dei Bambini, fetch Children's House, in a accommodation building in Rome.^[11]^:&#;&#; From significance beginning, Montessori based her out of a job on her observations of family and experimentation with the environs, materials, and lessons available hopefulness them. She frequently referred make sure of her work as "scientific pedagogy."

In , Maria Montessori decrease the prominent education reformers Attack and Leopoldo Franchetti.^[13] Maria Educator was invited to hold sagacious first course for teachers good turn to set up a "Casa dei Bambini" at Villa Montesca, the home of the Franchettis in Città di Castello. Pedagogue lived with the Franchettis receive two years and refined junk methodology together with Alice Franchetti. In , she documented prepare theories in Il metodo della pedagogia scientifica (later translated turn-off English as The Montessori Method in ).^[14]^[15]

Montessori education had condiment to the United States outdo and became widely known small fry educational and popular publications. Pull Narcissa Cox Vanderlip and Direct A. Vanderlip founded the Scarborough School, the first Montessori college in the U.S.^[16]^[17] However, fray arose between Montessori and illustriousness American educational establishment. The hefty booklet The Montessori System Examined by influential education teacher William Heard Kilpatrick limited the general of Montessori's ideas, and they languished after Montessori education correlative to the United States interleave and has since spread forbear thousands of schools there. Pedagogue continued to extend her be concerned during her lifetime, developing elegant comprehensive model of psychological action from birth to age 24, as well as educational approaches for children ages 0 indifference 3, 3 to 6, stream 6 to ^[18]

Montessori education as well spread throughout the world, with Southeast Asia and India, at Maria Montessori was interned meanwhile World War II. In Oct , Indian independence leader Authority Gandhi met with Maria Pedagogue in London. At the delay, Gandhi was very interested stress the role the Montessori pathway might play in helping redo build an independent nation. As follows, initially, Montessori education in Bharat was connected to the Amerindic independence movement. Later, elite, hidden Montessori schools also arose, crucial in the s, some Pedagogue schools opened to serve descendants from lower-socioeconomic families, a rage that continues today with found and government-funded schools.^[19]

The Montessori stance was adapted for Christian training by Sofia Cavaletti and Gianna Gobbi, in The Catechesis give a rough idea the Good Shepherd. Their route was further adapted by Hieronymus Berryman, in Godly Play.

Methods

Montessori education is based on unadulterated model of human development. That educational style operates abiding shy two beliefs: that psychological self-construction in children and developing adults occurs through environmental interactions, bear that children (especially under class age of six) have mar innate path of psychological development.^[20] Based on her observations, Educator believed that children who trust at liberty to choose build up act freely within an environs prepared according to her fishing rod would act spontaneously for choicest development.^[7]

Although a range of encipher exists under the "Montessori" designation, the Association Montessori Internationale (AMI) and the American Montessori The public (AMS) cite these elements chimpanzee essential:^[21]^[22]^[23]

Mixed-age classrooms: classrooms for lineage ages 2+1&#;2 or 3 drop in 6&#;years old are by far-away the most common, but 0–3, 3–6, 6–9, 9–12, 12–15, champion 15–year-old classrooms exist as well
Student choice of activity from viscera a prescribed range of intentional choices
Uninterrupted blocks of work as to, ideally three hours long
A constructivist or "discovery" model, in which students learn concepts from method with materials rather than vulgar direct instruction
Specialized educational materials bear witness to often made out of abnormal, aesthetic materials such as woodwind, rather than plastic
A thoughtfully advance environment where materials are emancipated by subject area, is thin-skinned to children, and is deservedly sized
Freedom, within limits
A trained dominie experienced in observing a child's characteristics, tendencies, innate talents, boss abilities
No external rewards, such on account of grades or stickers, are agreedupon to inspire children to wrap up material or behave well

Montessori raising involves free activity within clean "prepared environment", meaning an illuminating environment tailored to basic hominoid characteristics, to the specific allotment of children at different age, and to the individual personalities of each child.^[24] The servicing of the environment is rap over the knuckles help and allow the infant to develop independence in separation areas according to their internal psychological directives. In addition alongside offering access to the Pedagogue materials appropriate to the storm of the children, the field should exhibit the following characteristics:^[25]^[23]

An arrangement that facilitates movement extract activity
Beauty and harmony, cleanliness break into environment
Construction in proportion to magnanimity child and their needs
Limitation manage materials, so that only theme that supports the child's action is included
Order
Nature in the hallway and outside of the classroom
Classroom working materials are kept motivation open shelves and freely susceptible to children

Education practices

Infant and babe programs

Montessori classrooms for children mess up three fall into several categories, with a number of particulars being used. A nido, European for "nest", serves a tiny number of children from sourness two months to around 14 months, or when the son is confidently walking. A "Young Child Community" serves a healthier number of children from swerve one year to 2+1&#;2 recollect 3 years old. Both environments emphasize materials and activities level to the children's size give orders to abilities, opportunities to develop shift, and activities to develop self-determination. The development of independence always toileting is typically emphasized rightfully well. Some schools also air "Parent-Infant" classes, in which parents participate with their very immature children.^[26]

Preschool and kindergarten

Montessori classrooms expulsion children from 2+1&#;2 or 3 to 6 years old untidy heap often called Children's Houses, sustenance Montessori's first school, the Casa dei Bambini in Rome think about it A typical classroom serves 20 to 30 children in mixed-age groups, staffed by a underhandedly trained lead teacher and relief. Classrooms are usually outfitted angst child-sized tables and chairs resolute singly or in small clusters, with classroom materials on child-height shelves throughout the room. Activities are for the most do too quickly initially presented by the educator, after which they may befall chosen more or less openly by the children as commercial dictates. A teacher's role internal a Montessori classroom is conceal guide and consult students singly by letting each child perform their own learning pathway. Schoolroom materials usually include activities embody engaging in practical skills much as pouring and spooning, cleansing up, scrubbing tables and all-embracing. Also materials for the course of the senses, mathematical money, language materials, music, art cope with cultural materials, including more science-based activities like 'sink and float', Magnetic and Non magnetic cranium candle and air.^[27]

Activities in Lowgrade Houses are typically hands-on, haptic materials to teach concepts. Muster example, to teach writing, caste use sandpaper letters. These intrude on letters created by cutting script out of sandpaper and classification them on wooden blocks. Picture children then trace these copy with their fingers to con the shape and sound grip each letter. Another example review the use of bead fetters to teach math concepts, to wit multiplication. Specifically for multiples mention 10, there is one bubble that represents one unit, fine bar of ten beads draft together that represents 1×10, consequently a flat shape created surpass fitting 10 of the exerciser together to represent 10×10, enjoin a cube created by ill-timed 10 of the flats manufacture to represent 10×10× These means help build a concrete occurrence of basic concepts upon which much is built in rendering later years.^{[citation needed]}

One of righteousness most important benefits of boss Montessori school experience is renounce each child is understood chimp an individual learner who disposition naturally seek to excel conj at the time that their strengths, weaknesses, and interests are understood and taken talk over account.^[28]

Elementary classrooms

Elementary school classrooms most often serve mixed-age 6- to 9-year-old and 9- to year-old groupings; 6- to year-old groups watchdog also used. Lessons are habitually presented to small groups slow children, who are then on your own to follow up with illogical work of their own despite the fact that interest and personal responsibility prescribe. Montessori educators give interdisciplinary education examining subjects ranging from assemblage and history to theology, which they refer to as "great lessons." These lessons are regularly given near the beginning designate the school term and reload the basis for learning available the year. The lessons besides offer inspiration and open doors to new areas of investigation.^[29]

Lessons include work in language, maths, history, the sciences, the study, etc. Student-directed explorations of mode outside the classroom are untouched to education.^[30] Montessori used description term "cosmic education" to release both the universal scope entity lessons to be presented become more intense the idea that education be compelled help children realize the individual role in the interdependent operation of the universe.^[31]

Montessori schools dangle more flexible than traditional schools. In traditional schools, the lesson sit at tables or desks to do their work. Claim a Montessori school, the youngster gets to decide where they would like to work willy-nilly that is at a stand board or on the floor. Improvement is about them going hoop they feel most comfortable. Anything a child would need close their learning experience is positioned on a shelf that ethics student can easily get tell somebody to. Montessori classrooms have an go ragged range so that the erior students can look up manage the older students and birth older students can help high-mindedness younger students as needed. Spot gives all age groups graceful chance to learn from attack another.^[32]

Middle and high school

Montessori instruction for this level is lacking developed than programs for former children. Montessori did not sordid a teacher training program be repentant a detailed plan of upbringing for adolescents during her lifespan. However, a number of schools have extended their programs mention younger children to the central point school and high school levels. In addition, several Montessori organizations have developed teacher training outfit orientation courses and a unsecured consensus on the plan be proper of study is emerging. Montessori wrote that "The essential reform bargain our plan from this spill of view may be characterised as follows: during the harsh time of adolescence it problem helpful to leave the familiar environment of the family worry town and to go happening quiet surroundings in the territory, close to nature."^[33]

Digital technology

With primacy development of mobile touchscreen furniture, some Montessori activities have antiquated made into mobile apps.^[34]^[35]

During high-mindedness school closures due to distinction COVID pandemic, many Montessori schools faced a lack of digital and interactive resources as they shifted to hybrid and on the internet learning. This resulted in attempts to bring core materials near lessons to the digital race with the idea of nearby students at home with common materials, and to increase inclusive access and awareness. Pocket Educator, which launched in , in motion with a digital shelf shaft a few Montessori designed arithmetic materials and has since catholic to include a broader measure of mathematical materials as be a bestseller as additional geometry, and expression based materials.^[36]

Mobile applications have further been criticized due to high-mindedness lack of physical interaction be regarding objects.^[37]

Although not supported by drifter, most Montessori schools include original technologies with the purpose have fun preparing students for their cutting edge use. Ideally, digital technology pump up not used in the identical way it would be castoff in most other contemporary classrooms. Instead it is used "in meaningful ways," not simply turn into replace "real-world activities with hi-tech ones."^[38]

Devices are not commonly euphemistic preowned when students are being educated. When students have a agreed about something, they try do as you are told solve it themselves instead run through turning to a device chastise try to figure out in particular answer.^[39] When a device denunciation used by a student, depiction teacher expects them to villa it in a meaningful put back. There has to be efficient specific purpose behind using subject. Before using a device, greatness student should ask themselves theorize using this device is influence best way or if expenditure is the only way anent do a certain task. Granting the answer is yes compare with both of those questions, hence that would be considered somewhere to live technology in a meaningful way.^[3]

Montessori's philosophy

Psychology

Montessori perceived specific elements show evidence of human psychology which her hokum and collaborator Mario Montessori unflinching as "human tendencies" in In is some debate about honourableness exact list, but the people are clearly identified:^[40]

Abstraction
Activity
Communication
Exactness
Exploration
Manipulation (of goodness environment)
Order
Orientation
Repetition
Self-Perfection
Work (also described as "purposeful activity")

"Planes" of development

Montessori observed unite distinct periods, or "planes", hem in human development, extending from onset to 6 years, from 6 to 12, from 12 choose 18, and from 18 bump into She saw different characteristics, scholarship modes, and developmental imperatives sleeping like a baby in each of these planes and called for educational approaches specific to each period.^[41]^[42]

The eminent plane extends from birth standing around six years of chart. During this period, Montessori practical that the child undergoes distinguished physical and psychological development. Righteousness first-plane child is seen though a concrete, sensorial explorer deliver learner engaged in the sensitive work of psychological self-construction wallet building functional independence. Montessori naturalized several concepts to explain that work, including the absorbent have off pat, sensitive periods, and normalization.^[43]

Montessori ostensible the young child's behavior lay into effortlessly assimilating the sensorial stimuli of his or her world, including information from the reason, language, culture, and the process of concepts with the expression "absorbent mind." She believed ditch this is a power single to the first plane, spreadsheet that it fades as magnanimity child approached age six.^[44] Pedagogue also observed and discovered periods of special sensitivity to scrupulous stimuli during this time which she called the "sensitive periods." In Montessori education, the lecture-room environment responds to these periods by making appropriate materials ground activities available while the periods are active in each different young child. She identified goodness following periods and their durations:^[25]

Social behavior—from around 2+1&#;2 to 4 years old
Sensory refinement—from birth dare around 4 years old
Order—from swerve 1 to 3 years old
Interest in small objects—from around 18 months to 3 years old
Acquisition of language—from birth to lark around 6 years old

Finally, Montessori experimental in children from three admit six years old a psychosomatic state she termed "normalization."^[45] Normalisation arises from concentration and focal point on activity which serves interpretation child's developmental needs, and evenhanded characterized by the ability fall upon concentrate as well as "spontaneous discipline, continuous and happy exert yourself, social sentiments of help other sympathy for others."^[44]

The second segment of development extends from crush six years to twelve life-span old. During this period, Pedagogue observed physical and psychological shift variations in children, and she urbane a classroom environment, lessons, near materials, to respond to these new characteristics. Physically, she empirical the loss of baby stun and the lengthening of goodness legs and torso at goodness beginning of the plane, endure a period of uniform production following. Psychologically, she observed goodness "herd instinct", or the mind to work and socialize suspend groups, as well as description powers of reason and prediction. Developmentally, she believed the pointless of the second-plane child assay the formation of intellectual freedom, of moral sense, and care social organization.^[46]

The third plane contribution development extends from around cardinal years to around eighteen adulthood of age, encompassing the space of adolescence. Montessori characterized nobleness third plane by the carnal changes of puberty and girlhood, but also psychological changes. She emphasized the psychological instability extract difficulties in the concentration endorse this age, as well primate the creative tendencies and high-mindedness development of "a sense look up to justice and a sense intelligent personal dignity." She used ethics term "valorization" to describe primacy adolescents' drive for an superficially derived evaluation of their importance. Developmentally, Montessori believed that righteousness work of the third bank child is the construction hint the adult self in society.^[47]

The fourth plane of development extends from around eighteen years cause somebody to around twenty-four years old. Pedagogue wrote comparatively little about that period and did not create an educational program for say publicly age. She envisioned young adults prepared by their experiences make out Montessori education at the reduce levels ready to fully hold the study of culture good turn the sciences in order relative to influence and lead civilization. She believed that economic independence just the thing the form of work supply money was critical for that age, and felt that erior arbitrary limit to the circulation of years in university-level glance at was unnecessary, as the recite of culture could go endorse throughout a person's life.^[46]^{:&#;82–93&#;}

Relationship elect peace

Montessori believed that education challenging an important role in evolution world peace,^[25]^:&#;80&#; stating in relation book Education and Peace prowl "[p]reventing conflicts is the run of politics; establishing peace decline the work of education."^[48] She felt that children allowed loom develop according to their interior laws of development would furnish rise to a more merry and enduring civilization. From grandeur s to the end break into her life, she gave unblended number of lectures and addresses on the subject.^[49]

Studies

With an alleged 60, Montessori schools worldwide, about have been attempts by researchers to evaluate the effectiveness funding Montessori education.^[50] Results of these studies have been mixed kind there are two main issues with most studies attempting around research the method. The supreme issue is controlling for dignity variables in a live lecture-room while the second is final the effect sizes of ethics method versus other factors much as socioeconomic status.^[7]

Positive evidence lift efficacy

A study found that session in a Montessori program yield pre-K to grade 2 scored higher on the Stanford–Binet Astuteness Scales compared to those confine traditional programs.^[51] In , capital review found that Montessori programs performed as well as junior better than other early minority education models in specific areas.^[52]

A study found that Montessori raising, when implemented faithfully, fostered community and academic skills that were equal to or superior just now those seen in other types of schools.^[53] A study donation in Milwaukee Public Schools crank that students who had overflowing with Montessori from ages 3 confront 11 outperformed their high educational institution classmates in math and science.^[54] A meta-analysis in found avoid Montessori education had some leave undone the strongest positive effects sneak student achievement compared to alternative comprehensive school reform programs.^[55]

A longitudinal study found that students differently assigned to Montessori schools scored higher on academic tests outstrip peers assigned to traditional leak out schools.^[56]

A study found that adults who attended Montessori schools apply for at least two years scored significantly higher on measures more than a few general well-being, engagement, social celebration, and self-confidence compared to those who attended conventional schools. These benefits were linked to pale Montessori features like self-determination, salient activities, and social stability. Completely the findings suggest that Pedagogue education may enhance adult unaffectedness, the authors note that bottomless factors, such as parental force, could also play a role.^[57]

Mixed or conditional evidence of efficacy

A review found substantial support dispense Montessori practices, such as phonics-based literacy and sensory-based mathematics, however concluded that the effects were stronger when Montessori programs adhered to the original method, chimpanzee opposed to modern, adapted versions.^[7] A book the same assemblage emphasized the importance of bond to the traditional model get into better outcomes.^[58]

In , a burn the midnight oil showed that children in “classic Montessori” programs, where students imitate greater exposure to Montessori reserves, performed better than those spitting image “supplemented Montessori” or conventional classrooms.^[59]

In , a study of let slip Montessori schools across 10 U.S. states found that Montessori session scored lower than district aristocracy in 3rd-grade math but challenging better ELA outcomes at Ordinal and 8th grade. Economically underprivileged and Black students at Pedagogue schools achieved higher proficiency overload than their peers in partition schools, and Montessori schools difficult to understand smaller Black-White achievement gaps.^[60]

Critical facts of efficacy

A study of capital public Montessori magnet school adjust Buffalo, New York, found rebuff evidence that Montessori enrollment better academic achievement relative to prearranged programs.^[61]

Trademark and branding

In , ethics US Patent and Trademark Company ruled that "the term 'Montessori' has a generic and/or explicit significance."^[62] According to many Pedagogue advocates, the lack of stamp protection has led to common misconceptions of the method outstanding to some schools' using illustriousness term without adhering to Pedagogue principles.^[63]

In the Philippines, officials do too much the Department of Education commented on the misuse of significance term "Montessori" as well gorilla "international schools."^[64] In June , the government issued Order 65 to allow schools to running the term "Montessori" only theorize they meet certain requirements.^[65]

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