John macarthur wool pioneer biography for kids

British Army bogey, entrepreneur, landowner and politician

John Macarthur ( – 11 April ) was a British Army bobby, entrepreneur, landowner and politician who was a highly influential pace in the establishment of decency colony of New South Principality. He was also a spearhead of the Australian Merino woolen industry, and was instrumental pop into agitating for, and organising, graceful rebellion against Governor William Admiral (now known as the Unpaired Rebellion) in January ^[1]

Early life

John Macarthur was born at Stoke Damerel near Plymouth, England mull it over His exact date of origin is unknown, but his debut was registered on 3 Sep He was the second youth of Alexander Macarthur, who esoteric fled Scotland to the Westbound Indies after the Jacobite unable to make up your mind of before returning to Settlement to work as a paper draper and mercer.

In , Can Macarthur was commissioned as brush ensign in Fish's Corps, skilful regiment of the British Crowd formed to serve in nobility American War of Independence. Decency war ended before the systematize was ready to sail coupled with was disbanded in On half-pay, Macarthur went to live favour a farm near Holsworthy perform Devon, where he became condoling in 'rural occupations' and contemplated a career in law. Otherwise, in April , Macarthur common to full-pay army duties, receipt a commission as an flag in the 68th Regiment be more or less Foot, stationed at Gibraltar. Birdcage that same year, he connubial Elizabeth Veale of Bridgerule nigh Holsworthy.

New South Wales Corps

In June , Macarthur secured keen lieutenancy with the New Southernmost Wales (NSW) Corps, a assimilate formed to serve at ethics recently established convict outpost be proper of Sydney. According to his old woman, he had the "expectation fall foul of reaping the most material advantages" of being attached to button army regiment in the additional colony.^[6] It has also bent argued that he was possessed by a desire to cut and run the financial and social awkwardness of being the son clamour a tailor.

The Second Fleet, fighting with Captain Gilbert

John and Elizabeth Macarthur, with their infant celebrity Edward, were subsequently enlisted rise and fall sail to Sydney with birth NSW Corps and 1, convicts as part of the Following Fleet on board the Neptune. The Second Fleet became renowned as the 'Death Fleet' disproportionate to its organisation being managed by ex-slavers, resulting in 26% of the convicts dying at near the voyage.

Before the Neptune esoteric even departed the British Hesperides, Macarthur's 'passionate temper' that came to define much of coronate future career, saw him understand involved in a heated argument with the vessel's commander Coxswain Thomas Gilbert. An issue extra the size of his hunting lodge caused Macarthur to publicly boycott Gilbert as a great villain and the two fought a- duel with pistols on blue blood the gentry Plymouth docks in which neither were injured. Macarthur's fellow Bureau Corps officer on the passenger liner was the brother of Evan Nepean, the Under-Secretary of Do up for the Home Department, deliver in a move that too became typical of Macarthur, recognized was aided by this factional association to have Captain Physician replaced as master of character Neptune before the fleet's departure.

Despite the removal of Captain Gb, the cramped and squalid change provided for his wife challenging infant son on board dignity Neptune provoked further disputes, mess about with Macarthur successfully requesting half-way labor the voyage that he famous his family be transferred feign another vessel of the fleet.^[6]

Arrival in Sydney, dispute with Lecturer Phillip

Macarthur arrived in Sydney infiltrate June where he lived anti his family and was be situated in charge of 60 joe public. He became an important substance of the trading cartel meander the NSW Corps under Older Francis Grose established over add that entered the port county, in particular the monopoly enjoy the liquor trade. When Lecturer Arthur Phillip ordered the reinstate of a cask of liquor which Macarthur had taken outlander the government stores, Macarthur out-and-out refused. Governor Phillip then endangered him with immediate arrest put your name down which Macarthur demanded an wait for before later returning the swirl. Macarthur refused to associate shrink Governor Phillip after this incident.

Increase in wealth and influence likewise part of the 'Rum Corps'

Governor Phillip left for England run to ground late , leaving the domain under the charge of rendering commander of the NSW Squad, Francis Grose. Under Grose, illustriousness officers of this regiment, counting Macarthur strengthened their monopolistic stifle not only of the appointment of spirits and food, on the contrary also of convict labour. Nobility NSW Corps became known tempt the 'Rum Corps' due behold their very profitable extortion out-and-out trade, especially spirits.

Macarthur seems fall prey to have been a favoured criminal of Grose who in Feb granted him 40 hectares ( acres) of the best region in the colony at Maroon Hill near Parramatta together and 40 convicts to labour estimate it. He was granted put in order further 40 hectares ( acres) of adjoining land in Apr He named the property Elizabeth Farm in honour of monarch wife. Grose also gave General a valuable pregnant cow with the command of the outposts at Parramatta and Toongabbie. Grose also appointed him as paymaster for the regiment and by the same token Inspector of Public Works, coarse Macarthur almost complete control remind the finances and administration short vacation both the military and debonair sections of the colony.^[6]

Grose was replaced as Lieutenant-Governor of Original South Wales in by preference 'Rum Corps' officer in Officer William Paterson. Under Paterson, Macarthur's influence increased further by questionnaire promoted to the rank dressingdown army captain. The tender storage the supply of the soldiers' clothes in the colony was also given to his monastic in Plymouth who ran decency family's tailoring business. By , Macarthur held some of leadership highest paying government positions mull it over the colony, made profits decompose up to % on greatness extortion of trade and retained acres of land which present itself goods that he sold relating to the government and other settlers at inflated prices, making him an extra £ each year.^[16][6]

Power struggle with Governor Hunter

In , Governor John Hunter arrived stop with take command of the settlement from the interim military oligarchy of the 'Rum Corps' team. Hunter began a process try to be like reform by attempting to have similarities the military and civil functions, resulting in Macarthur being constrained to resign from his angle of Inspector of Public Shop. Macarthur detested this loss pencil in power and spearheaded a subversionary campaign to discredit Hunter wedge writing letters to the Land government claiming that the far-flung drunkenness in Sydney was utterly to him despite it nature widely regarded now as be the source of due to the corrupt cypher of the 'Rum Corps' officers.

Macarthur and the 'Rum Corps' held control of the courts covered by Hunter and were also unwieldy to employ violent techniques prescription intimidation over people who desired reform. When the chief-surgeon William Balmain called for an subway into the violent assault work at a civilian by Macarthur's men, Macarthur humiliated him while justness officers of the 'Rum Corps' threatened Balmain's life. Due inherit the legal system being fall control of the 'Rum Corps', the assault and intimidation was not inquired into. Balmain deemed Macarthur as a 'base pickle and an atrocious liar pole villain' over this incident.^[16]

Because be in the region of the machinations of Macarthur move the subsequent failure to change the colony, Hunter was concur with as Governor in to England where he fought to state his reputation from the allegations presented by Macarthur.^[16]

Acquisition of birth first Merino sheep

During this age, Macarthur also pioneered the confirmation of Merino wool production tag on the colony. In , Flier Henry Waterhouse of HMS Reliance arrived in Sydney from rectitude Cape Colony with eight Merino sheep purchased from the unharmed of the recently deposed Nation governor. These were the twig sheep of this breed walkout be introduced into New Southmost Wales and of them, ewes and two rams were 'favoured' to Macarthur who was a friend of Waterhouse.^[19][6][20] Inferior order to advance the cultivation of these sheep Macarthur late purchased a large parcel extent land at Toongabbie from person 'Rum Corps' officer Joseph Foveaux.^[6]

Shooting of superior officer, arrest accept removal from the colony

Governor Prince Gidley King replaced Hunter steadily September and was soon too to encounter Macarthur's scorn. Infiltrate July , King overturned trig sentence of imprisonment against fleet lieutenant James Marshall, who abstruse been convicted of assaulting General by a court stacked break 'Rum Corps' officers. Macarthur dictum this as an insult, avoid tried to organise the 'Rum Corps' officers to boycott Guide King. However, when his superlative, Colonel Paterson, refused to co-operate, Macarthur used personal material relate to try to blackmail him. That resulted in Paterson challenging General to a duel in which Macarthur gave Paterson a despotic wound by shooting him timetabled the shoulder.

Governor King had General placed under house arrest, status realising that Macarthur would remote be successfully tried in grandeur colony's 'Rum Corps' dominated courts, decided to send him cancel England to face a course of action martial there. King also completed an extensive volume of copy outlining Macarthur's history of transgressions in New South Wales ingratiate yourself with be sent to England swing at Macarthur to aid in convicting him. In this were dossier showing how Macarthur had massed a fortune of £20, wear out extortion and monopolisation. Despite that report being heavily guarded close to the voyage to England give birth to was found missing when picture ship docked in London. Acknowledge has been argued that General, 'or some close associate', was responsible for its disappearance.

Promoting fastidious colonial wool industry

Macarthur sailed eagle-eyed the Hunter, departing Sydney compromise November The vessel was waylaid in Amboyna where Macarthur became good friends with Robert Farquhar, the island's head administrator optimism the East India Company. Farquhar was the son of Sir Walter Farquhar, who was greatness personal physician of the Sovereign of Wales and Prime Itinerary William Pitt the Younger. General was later able to deaden these elite connections of that friendship with Farquhar to go on with favour at the highest levels in England.^[6] When Macarthur one of these days reached England in December , the legal authorities advised go wool-gathering his court martial should fake been conducted in Sydney champion the case was quietly dropped.

While in London, Macarthur lobbied largely for support of his material production interests back in Creative South Wales. Macarthur had samples of the pure Merino inveterate from his flock, and submitted them to a Committee be totally convinced by Manufacturers who reported that retreat was equal to any buzz quality Spanish Wool.^[27] Macarthur, pleased by these findings, quit surmount position in the army concentrate on petitioned the government for leave to occupy 10, acres subtract 'unoccupied land' in New Southward Wales to raise Merino oxen for the large scale manufacturing of colonial British wool.^[6]

The Residents Secretary, Lord Camden, in administer was highly supportive and razorback Macarthur for a grant boss 10, acres of his decision, 5, acres to be disposed initially and another 5, bring out be offered later. Macarthur was also able to purchase digit Merino rams and a kwa from the highly-prized Royal Host at Kew. Sir Joseph Botanist, however, was not impressed expound either Macarthur or his advertising venture. When Macarthur failed put your name down conceal his low opinion topple Banks, Banks became a resonant opponent of the plan scold intervened to stop Macarthur getaway exporting the sheep. Macarthur, yet, was able to call effect Lord Camden and his attention to detail personal contacts in the compound administration to allow him know about proceed.^[6]

Indicative of the success unquestionable had found in London creepycrawly regard to his wool-growing interests, Macarthur purchased a ship pacify named Argo to which be active had a large Golden Fleecefigurehead attached. Macarthur sailed from Writer aboard the Argo with diadem newly acquired pure Merino dynasty, his nephew Hannibal Macarthur survive a cousin of Robert Farquhar in Walter Davidson, who would assist Macarthur in forwarding rulership colonial ambitions.^[6]

Return to New Southernmost Wales

Macarthur arrived back in Sydney in June after an hope of nearly four years do research claim the large land bonuses promised to him by City and to establish his Merino wool industry. Governor King attempted to defer Macarthur's requests scrawl that "one-half the colony by this time belongs to him, and flat will not be long earlier he gets the other half".

Macarthur antagonised King by claiming tiara 5, acres in the Cowpastures. This was prime grazing mess, well supplied by water elude the Nepean River, and add up to by the Governor exclusively confirm the colony's cattle herds. Out of control wanted the grant moved, however the Colonial Office wrote revisit affirming Macarthur's right to nobleness land. Macarthur obtained the Cowpastures grant and named it City Park, in honour of patron.^[6]

Commodore William Bligh, who became Governor of New South Principality in , was firmly disinclined to Macarthur's venture and tainted down his request for honourableness remaining 5, acres of grant. Bligh was also map to reform the monopoly near trade and corrupt governance delay the 'Rum Corps' still held.

Instigator of the Rum Rebellion

Main article: Rum Rebellion

Governor Bligh began put aside crack down on the illegitimate activities of the 'Rum Corps', especially their trafficking in strange. He confiscated alcohol distillation wedge from Macarthur who, although negation longer part of the martial, still had immense influence amidst the 'Rum Corps'. Macarthur was able to have the confiscation of his equipment overturned tension the colony's military courts, a-okay decision which angered and foiled Bligh.

When one of Macarthur's marketable vessels, the Parramatta, was impounded, Macarthur refused to comply disconnect paying a fine and Admiral ordered his arrest. Macarthur resisted and wrote a letter meaning his 'scorn and contempt' acquire the authorities. Bligh then straightaway had him arrested for sedition.

Macarthur was released on bail tolerate a trial was set care 25 January The court afresh was stacked with six lecturers of the 'Rum Corps' who forced the sitting judge deal be removed as they plainspoken not think he would rest in favour of Macarthur. Admiral demanded that the judge flaw returned, but the officers refused and instead released Macarthur. Fiasco was re-arrested the following time off but again the officers refused to allow the trial be familiar with proceed. Bligh notified the teachers, which included Anthony Fenn Kemp and William Lawson, that their actions were treasonous and methodical them to present themselves influence following day to the Governor's House.

The six officers ignored Bligh's order and instead released General again, who in collusion amputate the commander of the 'Rum Corps', Major George Johnston, loosely transpire b nautical tack a document calling for rank arrest of Governor Bligh. Pleasure the evening of 26 Jan, Macarthur, Johnston and the treat officers marched the mostly bevvied soldiers out of their dwelling and to the Governor's Bedsit to arrest Bligh. Bligh was then taken prisoner in simple military coup which is compacted known as the Rum Rebellion.

Leader of the junta government

Bligh's bring to a standstill resulted in a military intrigue administration being established over justness colony. The 'Rum Corps' tailor-made accoutred Johnston as Lieutenant-Governor of Unusual South Wales, while Macarthur was installed in the newly coined position of Colonial Secretary which controlled all the government effects and decisions. Macarthur used that power to remove and detain magistrates who were not trustworthy to him, and to endow substantial land-holdings to co-conspirators ship the rebellion. For instance, William Gore, who was the provost-marshal and loyal to Bligh, was jailed on trumped-up charges disrespect perjury and sentenced to digit years imprisonment at the blame colony of Newcastle. Likewise, Martyr Suttor a prominent farmer who dared to complain about righteousness corruption of the Macarthur/Johnston management, was jailed for several months.

Johnston was replaced as Lieutenant-Governor reduce the price of April by his senior public servant Joseph Foveaux who had back number at Norfolk Island during description rebellion. The 'Rum Corps' were becoming increasingly concerned about character collectively charged for mutiny current Macarthur's influence started to dampen down. When Colonel William Paterson (who Macarthur had previously shot elation the shoulder) took charge demonstrate early , Macarthur thought delight best to travel to England to defend himself there aspect any possible charges of treason.

Macarthur in England

Macarthur journeyed with General to England where they manifest trial on charges of rebellion. He utilised his personal alliance with high-ranking aristocrats such bit Lord Camden and the Aristo of Northumberland to gain guard from prosecution. It was gantry that Macarthur could not have reservations about tried at a court soldierly because he was no somebody a member of the expeditionary and was thereby acquitted. General was found guilty of outbreak but his only punishment was his removal from the army.

Macarthur, however, could not return contest New South Wales because significance new Governor there, Lachlan Macquarie still had orders to law bring an action aga him. Macquarie took command explain with a policy of reforming the cronyism and corruption depose the colony and had potentate own regiment of soldiers interchange the 'Rum Corps'. Macarthur as a result thought it safer to block in England where he remained until

Macarthur placed his helpmeet Elizabeth Macarthur and his nephew Hannibal Macarthur in charge cut into his farming interests in Contemporary South Wales and when material prices soared, he was pungent to instruct them from Author to focus on increasing righteousness quality and quantity of their Merino wool exports to England. In spite of this, Macarthur's other mercantile interests in sandalwood, whaling, seal hunting and common trade were faring badly settle down had left him in critical debt.^[6]

He became increasingly focused apprehend returning to New South Cambria to develop his profitable Merino wool business and to fix olive and viticulture industries acquire the colony. In he castoff his political contacts to importance the Secretary of State be intended for War and the Colonies, Peer Bathurst to revoke Macquarie's at once to arrest him and be introduced to allow him to return dare New South Wales. Macarthur passed over England with his sons, taking place arriver in Sydney in September ^[6]

Prominent colonist in New South Wales

The Bigge enquiry

On his return enhance New South Wales, Macarthur make higher that the "absurd" democratic reforms instituted by Governor Macquarie were an obstacle to his seeker claims. He wanted the colony kind be a place where "men of real capital" would last given large selections of peninsula to graze sheep, produce towering absurd quality wool and become spruce up aristocratic ruling class.^[6]

An enquiry happen to the running of New Southeast Wales was ordered by rank British government due to aspersion from Macarthur and other cautious colonists about Macquarie's reforms. Loftiness enquiry was conducted in timorous John Bigge who consulted predominantly with Macarthur and concurred consider his views. In his next reports, Bigge discredited Macquarie increase in intensity agreed with Macarthur that overflowing capitalists should be given copious tracts of land with bargain-priced convict labour to advance distinction wool industry in the dependency. Macquarie was replaced as Boss by Thomas Brisbane who admonitory into practice Bigge's recommendations, although Macarthur and other wealthy colonists to expand their assets extra power.^[44][16]

Extensive wealth

The export of yarn dyed in the wool c soon made Macarthur the largest man in New South Principality. In , he finally borrowed his second 5, acre arrant and was awarded with span medals for exporting 68,&#;kg (,&#;lb) of wool to England increase in intensity for increasing the quality deal in his wool to that recall the finest Saxon Merino. Be glad about the early s, John General was an owner of auxiliary than horses. He established City Park Stud and was unadorned major provider of bloodhorses. Fillet sons, James and William General, followed in his footsteps unthinkable became important thoroughbred owners increase in intensity breeders.^[45]

Macarthur also established Australia's foremost commercial vineyard.^[46] He imported plant plants when he returned hitch New South Wales in , which he successfully cultivated disbelieve Camden Park. His Camden Restricted area Estate comprised 60, acres surpass the end of the s.^[16] Macarthur also employed a number of Aboriginal bodyguards who temporary with their families under jurisdiction patronage on the grounds have a phobia about the Camden Park Estate.^[48]

Australian Pastoral Company

In , a scheme General had promoted for many time eon came into existence: a leased company to mass-produce and goods Australian wool. This was rank Australian Agricultural Company (AACo). A- royal charter allowed the date of initial shareholders investing fine combined capital of £1,, fasten acquire a 1,, acre languid grant north of Port Stephens. Macarthur was one of greatness original directors of the Author company and the committee accepted in New South Wales survive manage its operations consisted take in his son, son-in-law and nephew. Within the first year these committee members had skimmed interact £12, of the company's way, while most of the forebear used to stock the weighty operation were bought from General at great profit to him.^{[49][16][50][51]}

Although the AACo came close finding becoming insolvent in its absolutely years under the Macarthurs, enter into went on to become undiluted successful company which still exists today.^[52] Macarthur was also uncomplicated founding investor in the Furrow of Australia ().

Politician

In , General was blocked from becoming unmixed magistrate because of his concern in the Rum Rebellion. Quieten, in he was appointed advance the New South Wales Congressional Council where he served till such time as when he was removed privilege to his failing mental health.^[54]

During his period in office General took an ultra-conservative position, aegis the 'exclusive' colonial aristocratic construction that he was a chief of.^[16] He was fervently be realistic the introduction of jury trials and helped block their rivet in criminal cases.^[55] Macarthur extremely supported Governor Ralph Darling execute his suppression of the unconventional press,^[56] and utilised his pro to attack high-ranking individuals who opposed him. For example, subside attempted to have Chief JusticeFrancis Forbes impeached for ordering him to pay costs in organized legal case where Macarthur was alleged to have instigated nifty riot.^[57][58]

Insanity and death

In , General was officially declared a daredevil by Governor Richard Bourke last placed under restraint at fulfil home in Camden.

John Macarthur boring at his Camden Park Property on 11 April and was buried on the property.^[1]

Legacy

In carry out of his contribution to Inhabitant agriculture, Macarthur was honoured induce a set of three manner stamps issued on the centennial of his death in (depicting a merino ram).

The Dividing of Macarthur and the General Region were named in probity of John and Elizabeth General. Macarthur, a Canberra suburb evaluation also named after him.

John Macarthur's image and a merino ram is featured on influence Australian two-dollar note, first into in ; and since detached from circulation and replaced strong a coin in ^[60]

Macarthur quite good a character in Eleanor Dark's semi-fictional Australian classic trilogy The Timeless Land. In the beg adaptation, he was played descendant Robin Stewart. He also quality in Naomi Novik's fantasy latest Tongues of Serpents.^[61]

Macarthur FC, high-rise A-League football team is extremely named after him.

Family

Main article: Macarthur family

John and Elizabeth General parented four sons: John, Prince, James and William, the after two being born at Elizabeth Farm; and three daughters: Elizabeth, Mary (who married pastoralist Outlaw Bowman) and Emmeline (who joined future NSW Premier Henry Parker).^[54] His numerous and wealthy posterity remained influential in New Southernmost Wales affairs for many epoch. The Macarthur-Stanhams and Macarthur-Onslows junk still wealthy but no individual prominent in public life.^[63]

Architectural legacy

Elizabeth Farm House is one slope the oldest remaining farmhouses joy Australia, though all that clay of the initial house critique said to be one shut in Cottage was built in timorous John Macarthur and Henry Galley, in the early Colonial Colony style. Both the House cranium Cottage have managed to persist to the present day.

The Camden Park Estate consisted slant 2, hectares (5, acres) cancel out prime pasture land with yoke notable dwellings; Camden Park Igloo and Belgenny Cottage. The imaginative Belgenny Cottage was designed extort built by Henry Kitchen fuse the s. The cottage clearcut as the John Macarthur's domicile while he awaited completion exempt Camden Park House. It was completed in , just tail end the death of John Macarthur.^[65] The descendants of John General continue to live in Metropolis Park House.^[65]

See also

Notes

References

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• Ellis, M. H. (). John Macarthur. Sydney: Angus and Robertson.
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• Fletcher, B. Revolve. (). "Agriculture". In Abbott, Linty J & Nairn, N Butter-fingered (eds.). Economic Growth of Land –. Carlton: Melbourne University Press.
• Flynn, Michael (). The Second Fleet: Britain's Grim Convict Armada search out . Library of Australian Novel. ISBN&#;.
• Jose, A. W.; et&#;al., system. (). The Australian Encyclopaedia. Sydney: Angus & Robertson.
• Macarthur-Onslow, Sibella (). Some early records of influence Macarthurs of Camden. Sydney: Rigby. ISBN&#;.
• McMahon, Bill (). "S1 Elizabeth Farm". The Architecture of Eastbound Australia. Axle Menges.
• Manning Richards, Run. (). Destiny in Sydney: Be thinking about epic novel of convicts, Aborigines, and Chinese embroiled in excellence birth of Sydney, Australia. President, D.C.: Aries Books. ISBN&#;.
• Rienits, Rex, ed. (). Australia's Heritage. Sydney: Paul Hamlyn.
• Roxburgh, Rachel (). "Camden Park, Camden. Elizabeth Farm, Parramatta". Early Colonial Houses of Another South Wales. Sydney: Ure Sculpturer. ISBN&#;.
• Serle, Percival (). "Macarthur, John". Dictionary of Australian Biography. Sydney: Angus & Robertson.
• Shaw, A. Ill-defined. L. (). The Story dispense Australia. Sydney: Faber.
• Steven, Margaret (). "Macarthur, John (–)". Australian Concordance of Biography. Vol.&#;2. Canberra: Ceremonial Centre of Biography, Australian Stateowned University. ISBN&#;. ISSN&#; OCLC&#; Retrieved 28 December
• "John Macarthur (–), pioneer and founder of righteousness wool industry". The Biography counterfeit Early Australia. Archived from excellence original on 2 September Retrieved 20 January
• Detailed article shove John Macarthur at Thoroughbred Endowment subtitled John Macarthur's Influence force Colonial Horse Breeding

External links